Symptoms of giardiasis disease

 

Giardiasis is the disease caused by Causative agent:  known as Giardia lamblia.  Habitat of giardia in human being: Upper part of the small intestine, the duodenum and upper jejunum.Geographic distribution:Worldwide, more prevalent in warm climates, and in children.

Giardia lamblia can exist into two different system which include

     1.trophozoite

—  Prevalence is higher in areas of poor sanitation and in institutions with children not toilet trained, including day care centres

—  Many animals are major reservoirs: dogs, beaver, muskrat, elk, deer, voles, mice, horses and sheep.

—  Animal-to-human transmission occurs, but pathogenicity and virulence of non-human sources for humans is still uncertain.

2.Cyst

—  In formed stools

—  Infective form, formed in the lower bowel

—  Oval in shape, 10.5x 7.4µm

—  4 nuclei in mature cysts

—  Axostyles (axonemes)

Many animals are major reservoirs: dogs, beaver, muskrat, elk, deer, voles, mice, horses and sheep.

Animal-to-human transmission occurs, but pathogenicity and virulence of non-human sources for humans is still uncertain.

Epidemiologic of giardiasis disease

1. Endemic –

—  - In rural areas of the tropics, a family disease

—  - Children <3 years more affected than adults and excretes large numbers of cysts

—  -  Faecal-oral route, from hand feeding in poor hygienic conditions

—  -  Related to poor personal hygiene, poverty and poor sanitation

               

   2. Sporadic

                – Acquired by travellers

   -  Common cause of travellers diarrhoea

     3. Epidemic

                – Waterborne in large outbreaks, in UK and US.

                - Attributed to resort or municipal water supplies.

                - Also in campers and hikers drinking stream wate

How is giardiasis can be transmitted

   - Faecal-oral in institutions – for mentally retarded, children homes and day care centres

—  Fecal-oral route: Ingestion of viable cysts;

                - hand to mouth transfer of cysts from the feces

      of an infected individual.

—  Dogs, beavers, cattle can be infected and excrete cysts

—  Man is the usual source of infection – usually children

Life cycle of giardiasis

—  Infection occurs by the ingestion of cysts in contaminated water, food, or by the fecal-oral route (hands or fomites)

—  In the small intestine, excystation releases trophozoites (each cyst produces two trophozoites)

—  Trophozoites multiply by longitudinal binary fission, remaining in the lumen of the proximal small bowel where they can be free or attached to the mucosa by a ventral sucking disk

—  Encystation occurs as the parasites transit toward the colon.  The cyst is the stage found most commonly in nondiarrheal faeces

—  Infective cysts are passed in stool (person-person transmission)

Pathological condition of giardiasis

—  Potential explanations for how Giardia causes Malabsorption and diarrhoea

—  - Mechanical interference with gut absorption

—  - Host inflammatory response and damage

—  - Trophozoite invasion and toxin elaboration - rare

—  - Bacterial overgrowth in the small bowel  (Enterobacter)

Symptoms of giardiasis disease

• —  Children exhibit clinical symptoms more frequently than adults
• —  The incubation period is generally 2 weeks
• —  The acute stage usually resolves in 3-4 days
• —  Diarrhea with loose, fool-smelling stools with fat and mucus but no blood
• —  Flatulence
• —  Epigastric pain
• —  Abdominal cramps and bloating
• —  Nausea
• —  anorexia
• —  Malaise
• —  Weight loss
• —  Malabsorption

Diagnosis of giardiasis

1. Demonstration of trophozoites in samples from jejunum and cysts in stool

   - Stool examination– not always positive

                Three examinations on separate days improve recovery

                Formol-ether concentration technique useful

2. Immunodiagnosis

—  Fluorescent antibody test

—  ELISA - detection of Giardia specific antigen in stool. 90-98% sensitive and highly specific.

3. Molecular detection by PCR is now being used

Prevention and control of giardiasis

—  Treatment of water

—  Super-chlorination of drinking water

—  Combining chlorination and filtration

—  Boiling drinking water

—  Prevent contamination of water supplies

—  Proper excreta disposal

—  Personal hygiene – hand washing

—  Health education on measures to reduce person-person transmission

 

 you may also read this entamoebiasis. 

1. CORONA VIRUS
2. MONKEY POX
3. VAGINAL DRYNESS
4. FIBROID
5. INFERTILITY
6. OVULATION CYCLE
7. OVARIAN CANCER
8. VAGINAL BACTERIA
9. MALE INFERTILITY
10. BEST DAYS OF CONCIEVING
11. MUCUS AFTER OVULATION
12. FOODS FOR ERECTILE FUNCTIONS
13. PREGNANCY ANEMIA
14. DO AND DONT DURING PREGNANCY
15. ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION
16. U.T.I IN PREGNANCY
17. STROKE RISK
18. EAT THIS NOT THAT
19. HOOKWORMS INFECTION
20. OMEGA 3 BENEFITS
21. FASTING
22. WEIGHT LOSS TIPS
23. vitiligo
24. ABORTION
25. DENGUE VIRUS
26. EBORA VIRUS
27. FEVER
28. URINARY TRACT INFECTION
29. HOSPITAL INFECTIONS
30. WEST NILE VIRUS
31. YELLOW FEVER
32. EYE DISEASE
33. ZIKA VIRUS
34. STRESS
35. IRON DEFFICIENCE
36. INSOMNIA (SLEEPING PROBLEMS)
37. HEART PROBLEMS
38. COMPONENTS OF BLOOD
39. BLOOD DISORDER
40. LABORATORY TEST OF BLOOD DISORDER
41. BONE MARROW EXAMINATION
42. BLOOD ANEMIA
43. ANIMAL BITES
44. EYE BURN
45. CHOCKING
46. HEAT STROKE
47. SMOKE EFFECTS
48. SNAKE BITE
49. MALARIA VACCINE
50. BEST WAY TO SLEEP A CHILD
51. CHILD FEVER REDUCING
52. ELEPHANTIASIS
53. WOMEN BEARDS
54. DATES
55. PAPAYA FRUITS