5 stages of kidney failure

Definition: Paired red brown, bean shaped, capsulated organ.The main function of the kidney is to control blood volume and composition.

where is the Location of the kidney?

Posterior part of abdomen cavity
Flattened oval shape
Lies at 45o angle
The right kidney lies slightly lower – because of the large size of the right lobe of the liver.

What is the average weight of normal kidney?

Weight: Average adult = 150 gm (thick bigger)
Size: 12 x 6 x 3 (cm) tall / wide/ thick
About 0,5% of total body weight
Ratio of the kidney to body weight: 1:240
Superior pole: Lies adrenal (suprarenal) gland endocrine.

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What are function of of the kidney?

Tubular system of the kidney consist of collecting tubule, distal convoluted tubule loop of henle, proximal tubule.

Each Kidney has about 1.2 m nephrons which do not all work at a given time → reserve capacity

Both Kidney receive up 25% of the total cardiac output > 180 Lts per day – of glomerulus filtrate

The filtration rate is 2ml/sec or 125mls/min

Active process of selective secretion and reabsorbtion

Formation and excretion of urine

Acid - base regulation – pH of blood (7.37 – 7.45) and electrolyte balance

Ca++ homeostasis

Blood pressure regulations – (enzyme rennin – angiotensin directly regulate BP).

What are Disease that can cause failure of the kidney

Failure of kidney function may be due to the number of reasons like chronic disease of the kidney for example:>

Kidney cancer

Kidney damage

Kidney infection

Kidney injury

Kidney stones

Lupus nephritis

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Nephrosis (nephrotic syndrome

Polycystic kidney disease

Acute kidney failure

Acute nephritic syndrome

Chronic kidney failure

Chronic nephritis

Congenital nephrotic syndrome

End-stage renal disease

- Acute glomerulonephritis

- Chronic pyelonephritis

- Mercurial poisoning

- Hypertension

- Nephrosclerosis

- Tubular necrosis

- Pyelonephritis.

Symtoms of pre renal disease includes:

Pre-renal:

- Dehydration

- Diarrhoea

- Diabetic coma

- Haematemesis

- Burns

- Cardiac failure/decompensation

- Post operation

- Excess protein catabolism

Symtoms of post renal disease includes:

Post renal: (Any obstruction to the flow of urine):

- Enlarged prostate

- Stones

- Stricture of the urethra

- Bladder tumours

Renal failure or kidney failure

Renal failure or kidney failure is a situation in which the kidneys fail to function adequately.
In physiology, renal failure is described as a decrease in the glomerular filtration rate.
It is divided in acute and chronic forms; either form may be due to a large number of other medical problems

It is detected by an elevated serum creatinine.
When the kidneys malfunction, problems frequently encountered are abnormal fluid levels in the body,
Deranged acid levels, abnormal levels of potassium, calcium, phosphate, hematuria and (in the longer term) anemia.
Long-term kidney problems have significant repercussions on other diseases, such as cardiovascular disease.

Classification of kidney failure

Renal failure can broadly be divided into two categories:

acute or

chronic renal failure.

Chronic kidney disease generally leads to:-

anemia and

small kidney size.

Acute renal failure is a rapidly progressive loss of renal function, generally characterized by:

Oliguria:-

Quantified as less than 400 mL per day in adults,

Less than 0.5 mL/kg/h

In children or less than 1 mL/kg/h in infants)

Body water and body fluids disturbances.

Electrolyte derangement. An underlying cause must be identified to arrest the progress, and dialysis may be necessary to bridge the time gap required for treating these fundamental causes

Acute on chronic renal failure

Acute renal failure can be present on top of chronic renal failure.

This is called acute-on-chronic renal failure.

The acute part of may be reversible and the aim of treatment is to return the patient to their baseline renal function, which is measured by serum creatinine

Causes Acute kidney failure:-

a sudden interruption in the blood supply to the kidney, or

as a result of a toxic overload of the kidneys.

Drug overdoses, whether accidental or from chemical overloads of drugs such as antibiotics or chemotherapy

Causes of chronic kidney failure

There are many causes of Chronic Kidney Disease.

The most common cause is diabetes mellitus.
The second most common cause is long-standing, uncontrolled, hypertension.
Polycystic kidney disease is also a well known cause of chronic kidney disease.
Overuse of some common drugs, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, cocaine and acetaminophen can also cause chronic kidney damage.

Polycystic kidney = disease is a kidney disorder passed down through families in which multiple cysts form on the kidneys, causing them to become enlarged.

And the following are are the staages of kidnwy failure

Stage One

In stage one there is no specific Symtoms, but kidney start reduce functions slowly
The kidney can work by 90% ore more

Stage Two

Also in this stage no specific Symtoms declared but the function start to dimished time by time

The kidney make its function by 60% to 89%

Stage Three

In this stage the kidney function by 30%-59%
Other like stage in stage one to two

Stage four

In this stage kidney function is very low,and treatment for kidney failure may be required soon.
The kidney function 15% to 29% compared to normal kidney function

Stage Five

Kidney can no longer keepup removing waste products and extra water,
This is called kidney failure.
Although there is no cure.
Treatment optins is available
And kidney can function only by <15%

5 stages of kidney failure

where is the Location of the kidney?

What is the average weight of normal kidney?

What are function of of the kidney?

What are Disease that can cause failure of the kidney